AGRICULTURAL SCIENTIST
Agricultural science is closely related to biological science, and agricultural scientists use the principles of biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics and other sciences to solve problems in agriculture. They often work with biological scientists on basic biological research and in applying to agriculture the advances in knowledge brought about by biotechnology.
Many agricultural scientists work in basic or applied research and development. Others manage or administer research and development programs or manage marketing or production operations in companies that produce food products or agricultural chemicals, supplies and machinery. Some agricultural scientists are consultants to business firms, private clients or to government. Depending on the agricultural scientist's area of specialization, the nature of the work performed varies.
Food scientists or technologists are usually employed in the food processing industry, universities or the Federal Government, and help meet consumer demand for food products that are healthful, safe, palatable and convenient. Some engage in basic research, discovering new food sources; analyzing food content to determine levels of vitamins, fat, sugar or protein; or searching for substitutes for harmful or undesirable additives, such as nitrites. Many food technologists work in product development. Others enforce government regulations, inspecting food processing areas and ensuring that sanitation, safety, quality and waste management standards are met (see also health and safety inspector).
Plant science - agronomy, crop science, entomology and plant breeding are included in plant science. Scientists in these disciplines study plants and their growth in soils, helping producers of food, feed and fiber crops to continue to feed a growing population while conserving natural resources and maintaining the environment. Agronomists and crop scientists not only help increase productivity, but also study ways to improve the nutritional value of crops and the quality of seed. Some crop scientists study the breeding, physiology and management of crops and use genetic engineering to develop crops resistant to pests and drought. Entomologists conduct research to develop new technologies to control or eliminate pests in infested areas and prevent the spread of harmful pests to new areas, and which are compatible with the environment. They also do research or engage in oversight activities aimed at halting the spread of insect-borne disease.
Soil scientists study the chemical, physical, biological, and mineralogical composition of soils as they relate to plant or crop growth. They study the responses of various soil types to fertilizers, tillage practices, and crop rotation. Many soil scientists who work for the Federal Government conduct soil surveys, classifying and mapping soils. They provide information and recommendations to farmers and other landowners regarding the best use of land and how to avoid or correct problems such as erosion. They may also consult with engineers and other technical personnel working on construction projects about the effects of, and solutions to, soil problems. Since soil science is closely related to environmental science, persons trained in soil science also apply their knowledge to ensure environmental quality and effective land use.
Animal scientists develop better, more efficient ways of producing and processing meat, poultry, eggs and milk. Dairy scientists, poultry scientists, animal breeders and other related scientists study the genetics, nutrition, reproduction, growth and development of domestic farm animals. Some animal scientists inspect and grade livestock food products, purchase livestock or work in technical sales or marketing. As extension agents or consultants, animal scientists advise agricultural producers on how to upgrade animal housing facilities properly, lower mortality rates or increase production of animal products, such as milk or eggs (see also Animal Care Technology).
Agricultural scientists involved in management or basic research tend to work regular hours in offices and laboratories. The working environment for those engaged in applied research or product development varies, depending on the discipline of agricultural science and the type of employer. For example, food scientists in private industry may work in test kitchens while investigating new processing techniques. Animal scientists working for Federal, State or university research stations may spend part of their time at dairies, farrowing houses, feedlots, farm animal facilities or outdoors conducting research associated with livestock. Soil and crop scientists also spend time outdoors conducting research on farms agricultural research stations. Entomologists work in laboratories, insectories or agricultural research stations, and may also spend time outdoors studying or collecting insects in their natural habitat.
Agriculture scientists should be able to work independently or as part of a team and be able to communicate clearly and concisely, both orally and in writing. Most also need an understanding of basic business principles.
Training requirements for agricultural scientists depend on their specialty and the type of work they perform. A bachelor's degree in agricultural science is sufficient for some jobs in applied research or for assisting in basic research, but a master's or doctoral degree is required for basic research. A Ph.D. degree in agricultural science is usually needed for college teaching and for advancement to administrative research positions. Degrees in related sciences such as biology, chemistry, or physics or in related engineering specialties also may qualify persons for some agricultural science jobs.
All States have a land-grant college which offers agricultural science degrees. Many other colleges and universities also offer agricultural science degrees or some agricultural science courses. However, not every school offers all specialties. A typical undergraduate agricultural science curriculum includes communications, economics, business and physical and life sciences courses, in addition to a wide variety of technical agricultural science courses. For prospective animal scientists, these technical agricultural science courses might include animal breeding, reproductive physiology, nutrition, and meats and muscle biology; students preparing as food scientists take courses such as food chemistry, food analysis, food microbiology and food processing operations; and those preparing as crop or soil scientists take courses in plant pathology, soil chemistry, entomology, plant physiology and biochemistry, among others. Advanced degree programs include classroom and fieldwork, laboratory research and a thesis or dissertation based on independent research.
The American Society of Agronomy offers certification in agronomy, crop science, soil science, soil classification, horticulture, plant pathology and weed science. To become certified, applicants must meet certain examination, education and professional work experience standards.
Training requirements for agriculture and food scientists depend on their specialty and the type of work they perform. A bachelor's degree in agricultural science is sufficient for some applied research and product development positions, but those with advanced degrees will be best suited for administrative research positions in food science and technology. Degrees in related sciences such as biology or chemistry also may qualify persons for some jobs.
Agricultural scientists who have advanced degrees usually begin in research or teaching. With experience, they may advance to jobs such as supervisors of research programs or managers of other agriculture-related activities.
According to the National Association of Colleges and Employers, beginning salary offers in 1997 for graduates with a bachelor's degree in animal science averaged about $24,900 a year, and for graduates in plant science, $24,000.
The median salary for full-time food scientists or technologists was $55,200, according to a 1995 salary survey by the Institute of Food Technologists.
Average Federal salaries for employees in nonsupervisory, supervisory, and managerial positions in certain agricultural science specialties in 1997 were as follows: Animal science, $65,500; agronomy, $52,000; soil science, $49,400; horticulture, $50,400; and entomology, $62,200.
Agricultural scientists held about 24,000 jobs in 1996. In addition, several thousand persons held agricultural science faculty positions in colleges and universities. About 30 percent of all nonfaculty agricultural scientists work for Federal, State or local governments. Nearly 1 out of 5 worked for the Federal Government in 1996, mostly in the Department of Agriculture. In addition, large numbers worked for State governments at State agricultural colleges or agricultural research stations. Some worked for agricultural service companies; others worked for commercial research and development laboratories, seed companies, pharmaceutical companies, wholesale distributors and food products companies. About 2,000 agricultural scientists were self-employed in 1996, mainly as consultants.
Employment of agricultural scientists is expected to grow about as fast as the national average for all occupations through the year 2006. Additionally, the need to replace agricultural scientists who retire or otherwise leave the occupation permanently will account for many more job openings than projected growth.
Past agricultural research has resulted in the development of higher-yielding crops, crops with better resistance to pests and plant pathogens, and chemically-based fertilizers and pesticides. Further research is necessary as insects and diseases continue to adapt to pesticides, and as soil fertility and water quality deteriorate. Agricultural scientists will be needed to balance increased agricultural output with protection and preservation of the soil, water and ecosystems. They will practice "sustainable agriculture" by developing and implementing plans to manage pests, crops, soil fertility and erosion, and animal waste in ways that reduce the use of harmful chemicals and do little damage to the natural environment. Products developed using biotechnology methods will assist in these challenges. Also, an expanding population and a public increasingly focused on diet, health and food safety will result in growing opportunities for agricultural scientists to work in food science and technology.
Generally speaking, those with advanced degrees will be in the best position to enter jobs as agricultural scientists. However, competition may be keen for teaching positions in colleges or universities and for some basic research jobs, even for doctoral holders. Federal and State budget cuts may limit funding for these positions through the year 2006.
Bachelor's degree holders can work in some applied research and product development positions, but usually only in certain subfields, such as food science and technology. Also, the Federal Government hires bachelor's degree holders to work as soil scientists. Despite the more limited opportunities for those with only a bachelor's degree to obtain jobs as agricultural scientists, a bachelor's degree in agricultural science is useful for managerial jobs in businesses that deal with ranchers and farmers, such as feed, fertilizer, seed and farm equipment manufacturers; retailers or wholesalers; and farm credit institutions. Four-year degrees may also help persons enter occupations such as farmer or farm or ranch manager, cooperative extension service agent, agricultural products inspector, or purchasing or sales agent for agricultural commodity or farm supply companies.